• The Socioeconomic Impact on the UK’s Value-Added Tax on School Fees

    Approximately 6–7 percent of all pupils in the United Kingdom receive private education, yet this group accounts for a disproportionate share of highly influential jobs in the nation.1 Many factors contribute to this disparity, but one stands out in particular: their type of education.

    Zifu Yang

    September 19, 2025

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  • Is Atheism a Faith? The Dual Plausibility of Atheism

    Stephen Hawking, who devoted his entire life to scientific exploration and the search for the origin of the universe, publicly stated that he was an atheist in many occasions. In religious philosophy, one must deny the existence of God to be considered an atheist (Draper, 2022). In his last work, “Brief Answers to the Big Questions”, he declared that “there is no God, and no one commands the universe” (Hawking, 2018). Additionally, Hawking (2018) once said such a passage:

    Yunke Huang

    September 19, 2025

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  • The Impenetrable Cognitive Wall: Objectivity Is All in the Mind Introduction

    Imagine human cognition as a sprawling vine, with objectivity acting as the trellis that guides its growth. The nature of this trellis remains a central topic in psychology. An objective reality is considered the bedrock of rational thought and scientific inquiry, a concept that has been central to the pursuit of truth. The idea of objectivity as something independent of human perception and subjective experience is deeply ingrained in many Western intellectual traditions. However, upon closer examination, this seemingly straightforward concept reveals itself to be complex and elusive. Although the notion of objectivity existing independently in the mind is highly seductive, one's sense of objectivity is fundamentally a subjective construct, and widely accepted objectivity is merely a form of collective consensus. The notion of absolute objectivity itself remains an unverifiable and ultimately flawed hypothesis.

    Yizhou Chen

    September 19, 2025

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  • Man and Earth

    The boy had moved around his entire life. When he was younger, that man often came home reeking of smoke, his face red and swollen from one too many, hounding the boy’s mom for money. He pleaded, cajoled, and promised he would start anew. He never did, of course. Before long, the boy would see his mom putting things in weird places: beneath the shabby sofa, inside broken vases, under stacked bowls, like she was playing hide and seek with valuables. The man then started to look to the boy for clues. He was just trying to scrounge up enough to buy “a creature” to cure his mom’s cancer, he said, and, not understanding the situation, the boy would point. He later discovered that that man had gambled away nearly all the family’s inheritance. When dinner conversations grew louder and plates began to shatter, his mom packed, swiftly, in secret, and took the boy with her. From then on, they were constantly on the move in order to accommodate the mom’s job as a history teacher. The boy soon grew numb from having no one other than his mom, and his eyes dried up like a reservoir in a drought.

    Anfeng Xie

    September 19, 2025

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  • "When civilians are the main target, there's no need to consider the cause. That's terrorism; it's evil." Is this correct?

    In normative ethics, every moral action involves three major components: the act itself (including its motivation), the agent (the actor), and their consequences (Stewart 2009). From my personal view, altering any part of this structure may drastically shift our ethical judgements. Yet this very feature of ethical dilemmas or thought experiments is precisely what constitutes their crucial value—they reveal the diverse predicaments agents face in normative contexts and the corresponding complexity of actions.

    Bohan Jiang

    September 19, 2025

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  • Virtual Reality

    Ring ring ring ring ring ring. 3:29 AM. The orange smears against the darkness and seeps under his eyelids. He squeezes his eyes shut. The thin cotton sheet clings to his skin as he stretches his arms and legs. After seven minutes of ringing, he finally sits up and turns off the alarm. He wonders if he woke his wife asleep downstairs, though truthfully he does not care.His pale, knobbly hands practically glow in the dark as he throws off the rumpled sheet to find the cold edge of the chair jammed between the bed and the worn wall. He crawls onto the chair and takes his position. Exhales a long, shuddering breath. With the reverence of a priest crowning a monarch, he picks up his virtual reality headset and slides it over his eyes and ears, sealing himself in. The radio on the table connects with the headset… like stepping right into another world. You’re not just seeing. An advertisement for the newly released EchoLens X. The radio is always on and connected to any activated listening device nowadays.

    Anfeng Xie

    September 19, 2025

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